•  
  •  
 

Keywords

teacher innovative behavior; cognitive flexibility; positive affect; negative affect

Document Type

Article

Abstract

Teacher innovative behavior is a key capability for maximizing teacher performance as well as the student learning process, especially when teachers face new changes in their education system such as curriculum reform. However, insufficient attention has been given to understanding the interaction of predictor factors to encourage teacher innovative behavior. This study aims to assess the role of cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and negative affect in predicting teacher innovative behavior. A cross-sectional and quantitative design was used for this study. The data collection procedure used convenience sampling, with questionnaires distributed online via social media through several teacher communities. Three instruments were used: the Teacher Innovative Behavior Scale, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule. Data were collected from 322 teachers from three educational levels. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. The result showed that cognitive flexibility and positive affect positively predict teacher innovative behavior. On the other hand, negative affect negatively predicts teacher innovative behavior. Regarding the model, the result indicates that cognitive flexibility plays a more crucial role in predicting teacher innovative behavior, explaining 28,1% of the variance in the model. Researchers and policymakers could use the outcome to create future research, policies, and programs to enhance the capabilities of teachers to perform innovative behavior, especially during the educational system’s changes.

Page Range

128-142

Issue

2

Volume

10

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.21831/reid.v10i2.72081

References

Akhtar, H. (2019). Evaluasi properti psikometris dan perbandingan model pengukuran konstruk subjective well-being. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.14710/jp.18.1.29-40

Alexander, L., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2014). Teams in pursuit of radical innovation: A goal orientation perspective. Academy of Management Review, 39(4), 423–438. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43699258

Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st Century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD education working papers, No. 41. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/218525261154

Anderson, N., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2004). The routinization of innovation research: A constructively critical review of the state‐of‐the‐science. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 147–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.236

Asurakkody, T. A., & Shin, S. Y. (2018). Innovative behavior in nursing context: A concept analysis. Asian Nursing Research, 12(4), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2018.11.003

Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The journal of applied behavioral science, 44(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307311470

Baskaran, K., & Rajarathinam, M. (2018). Innovative teaching practices in educational institutions (ITPEI). International Journal of Educational Sciences, 20(1–3), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566322.2018/20.1-3.09

Bednall, T. C., E. Rafferty, A., Shipton, H., Sanders, K., & J. Jackson, C. (2018). Innovative behaviour: How much transformational leadership do you need? British Journal of Management, 29(4), 796–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12275

Blackman, L., & Venn, C. (2010). Affect. Body & Society, 16(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X09354769

Braem, S., & Egner, T. (2018). Getting a grip on cognitive flexibility. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(6), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418787475

Cai, Y., & Tang, R. (2022). School support for teacher innovation: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 45, 101096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101096

Cañas, J. J., Fajardo, I., & Salmeron, L. (2006). Cognitive flexibility. In I. Healthcare & W. Karwowski (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 1(3), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780849375477

Cañas, J., Quesada, J., Antolí, A., & Fajardo, I. (2003). Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46(5), 482–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013031000061640

Catio, M. (2019). Analyzing the competency of principals using the framework of the wales national standard for head teacher in boosting teacher’s innovative behavior. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 7(2), 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2349-0349.0702001

Cheung, S. Y., Gong, Y., Wang, M., Zhou, L., & Shi, J. (2016). When and how does functional diversity influence team innovation? The mediating role of knowledge sharing and the moderation role of affect-based trust in a team. Human Relations, 69(7), 1507–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715615684

Chou, C.-M., Shen, C.-H., Hsiao, H.-C., & Shen, T.-C. (2019). Factors influencing teachers’ innovative teaching behaviour with information and communication technology (ICT): The mediator role of organizational innovation climate. Educational Psychology, 39(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1520201

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4

Devloo, T., Anseel, F., De Beuckelaer, A., & Salanova, M. (2015). Keep the fire burning: Reciprocal gains of basic need satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and innovative work behaviour. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2014.931326

Dorenbosch, L., Engen, M. L. van, & Verhagen, M. (2005). On-the-job innovation: The impact of job design and human resource management through production ownership. Creativity and Innovation Management, 14(2), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1476-8691.2005.00333.X

Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14(1), 97–124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1401_06

Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39

Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196732

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218

Geisinger, K. F. (2016). 21st Century skills: What are they and how do we assess them?. Applied Measurement in Education, 29(4), 245-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957347.2016.1209207

George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 299-307. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.299

George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310-329. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.310

Georgsdottir, A. S., & Getz, I. (2004). How flexibility facilitates innovation and ways to manage it in organizations. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(3), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00306.x

Golestanibakht, T., Babaie, E., & Mostaed Hesari, S. (2022). The effects of positive psychology training on wisdom, resilience, and cognitive flexibility of students. Positive Psychology Research, 8(2), 83–100. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1125978/en

Hashim, N. H., Yaakob, M. F. M., Yusof, M. R., & Ibrahim, M. Y. (2019). Innovative behavior among teachers: Empirical evidence from high-performance schools. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(10), 1395–1399. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.J9015.0881019

Hidayat, R., & Patras, Y. E. (2022). The effect of principals’ leadership and learning organization on teachers’ innovative work behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. TADRIS: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 7(1), 161–175.

Indrasari, S. Y. (2024). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Adaptasi bahasa dan budaya Indonesia [Unpublished manuscript]. Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia.

Ionescu, T. (2012). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.11.001

Isen, A. M. (2002). Missing in action in the AIM: Positive affect’s facilitation of cognitive flexibility, innovation, and problem solving. Psychological Inquiry, 13(1), 57–65. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1449541

Janssen, O. (2005). The joint impact of perceived influence and supervisor supportiveness on employee innovative behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X25823

Jeong, I., Gong, Y., & Ju, S. (2016). Relationships among incremental belief, cognitive flexibility, and innovative behavior. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2016(1), 15902. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.15902abstract

Kalia, V., Fuesting, M., & Cody, M. (2019). Perseverance in solving Sudoku: Role of grit and cognitive flexibility in problem solving. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 370–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2019.1604527

Kiss, A. N., Libaers, D., Barr, P. S., Wang, T., & Zachary, M. A. (2020). CEO cognitive flexibility, information search, and organizational ambidexterity. Strategic Management Journal, 41(12), 2200–2233. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3192

Krems, J. F. (2014). Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving. In P. A. Frensch & J. Funke (Eds.), Complex problem solving: The European perspective (pp. 201–218). Psychology Press.

Kundu, A., & Roy, D. D. (2016). School climate perception and innovative work behaviour of school teachers. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 5(2), 129–133. https://www.ijepr.org/panel/assets/papers/282ij25.pdf

Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704

Latzman, R. D., & Masuda, A. (2013). Examining mindfulness and psychological inflexibility within the framework of Big Five personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(2), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.019

Laureiro-Martínez, D., Brusoni, S., & Zollo, M. (2009). Cognitive flexibility in decision-making: A neurological model of learning and change. CROMA-Center for Research in Organization and Management-Bocconi University, 1, 1–43.

Leong, C. T., & Rasli, A. (2014). The Relationship between innovative work behavior on work role performance: An empirical study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, 592–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.717

Li, M., Liu, Y., Liu, L., & Wang, Z. (2017). Proactive personality and innovative work behavior: The mediating effects of affective states and creative self-efficacy in teachers. Current Psychology, 36, 697–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9457-8

Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Quan, S., & Li, M. (2017). The effect of positive affect on conflict resolution: Modulated by approach-motivational intensity. Cognition and Emotion, 31(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1081874

Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There’s no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees’ creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 757–767. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069309

Madrid, H. P. (2020). Emotion regulation, positive affect, and promotive voice behavior at work. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 543636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01739

Madrid, H. P., Patterson, M. G., Birdi, K. S., Leiva, P. I., & Kausel, E. E. (2014). The role of weekly high‐activated positive mood, context, and personality in innovative work behavior: A multilevel and interactional model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1867

Martin, L. L., Abend, T., Sedikides, C., & Green, J. D. (1997). How would it feel if...? Mood as input to a role fulfillment evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 242. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.242

Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(3), 317-326. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.317

Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680

Messmann, G., & Mulder, R. H. (2012). Development of a measurement instrument for innovative work behaviour as a dynamic and context-bound construct. Human Resource Development International, 15(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2011.646894

Messmann, G., & Mulder, R. H. (2015). Reflection as a facilitator of teachers’ innovative work behaviour. International Journal of Training and Development, 19(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12052

Messmann, G., Mulder, R. H., & Palonen, T. (2018). Vocational education teachers’ personal network at school as a resource for innovative work behaviour. Journal of Workplace Learning, 30(3), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-08-2017-0069

Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. (2023). Kurikulum Merdeka. Retrieved from https://kurikulum.kemdikbud.go.id/

Montani, F., Dagenais-Desmarais, V., Giorgi, G., & Grégoire, S. (2018). A conservation of resources perspective on negative affect and innovative work behaviour: The role of affect activation and mindfulness. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9480-7

Mumford, M. D., Baughman, W. A., Maher, M. A., Costanza, D. P., & Supinski, E. P. (1997). Process-based measures of creative problem-solving skills: IV. Category combination. Creativity Research Journal, 10(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1001_7

Nemeržitski, S., Loogma, K., Heinla, E., & Eisenschmidt, E. (2013). Constructing model of teachers innovative behaviour in school environment. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 19(4), 398–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2013.770230

Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 609–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.650

Pyhältö, K., Pietarinen, J., & Soini, T. (2012). Do comprehensive school teachers perceive themselves as active professional agents in school reforms? Journal of Educational Change, 13(1), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-011-9171-0

Ram, D., Chandran, S., Sadar, A., & Gowdappa, B. (2019). Correlation of cognitive resilience, cognitive flexibility and impulsivity in attempted suicide. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(4), 362–367. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_189_18

Rank, J., & Frese, M. (2008). The impact of emotions, moods, and other affect-related variables on creativity, innovation and initiative. In N. M. Ashkanasy & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to emotion in organizations. Elgar Online. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781848443778.00015

Rehman, N., Mahmood, A., Ibtasam, M., Murtaza, S. A., Iqbal, N., & Molnár, E. (2021). The psychology of resistance to change: The antidotal effect of organizational justice, support and leader-member exchange. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 678952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678952

Runhaar, P., Bednall, T., Sanders, K., & Yang, H. (2016). Promoting VET teachers’ innovative behaviour: Exploring the roles of task interdependence, learning goal orientation and occupational self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 68(4), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2016.1231215

Sagnak, M. (2012). The empowering leadership and teachers’ innovative behavior: The mediating role of innovation climate. African Journal of Business Management, 6(4), 1635. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.2162

Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. The Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/256701

Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: What works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007

Varas, D., Santana, M., Nussbaum, M., Claro, S., & Imbarack, P. (2023). Teachers’ strategies and challenges in teaching 21st century skills: Little common understanding. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101289

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

Wu, D., Zhou, C., Liang, X., Li, Y., & Chen, M. (2022). Integrating technology into teaching: Factors influencing rural teachers’ innovative behavior. Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 5325-5348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10815-6

Zainal, M. A., & Matore, M. E. E. M. (2019). Factors influencing teachers’ innovative behaviour: A systematic review. Creative Education, 10(12), 2869. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012213

Zhou, J., & Shalley, C. E. (2003). Research on employee creativity: A critical review and directions for future research. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 22, 165–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(03)22004-1

Zuo, B., Wen, F., Wang, M., & Wang, Y. (2019). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the influence of counter-stereotypes on creativity. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00105

Download

Share

COinS