Keywords
physical abuse, student, school, validity, reliability
Document Type
Article
Abstract
Violence in schools is increasingly reported by the mass media. It indicates that its prevalence is escalating. An instrument which has a proper psychometric property is needed to investigate the phenomenon. The study aims to develop an instrument for measuring physical abuse experienced by students in schools and explore the construct of the instrument. To pursue those objectives, the content validitity, construct validity, and reliability analysis on the developed instrument were measured. Its content validity was confirmed through expert judgment, construct validity was proven through exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was estimated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Experts considered that the content of all items were relevant, though they also suggested some improvement in wordings for greater clarity. The exploratory factor analysis on 31 items indicates that seven items need to be dropped and 24 items are divided into three factors called (1) victimized by friends with the loading factor ranging from 0.44 to 0.69, (2) victimizing friends with the loading factor ranging from 0.45 to 0.66, and (3) being victimized by teachers with the loading factor ranging from 0.57 to 0.68. The reliability of the test was 0.874. Based on this result, the developed instruments consist of three factors with good validity and reliability.
Page Range
22-34
Issue
1
Volume
4
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
10.21831/reid.v4i1.18831
Source
https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/reid/article/view/18831
Recommended Citation
Amin, S., Kartowagiran, B., & Inang, P. (2018). A factor analysis of an instrument for measuring physical abuse experience of students at school. REID (Research and Evaluation in Education), 4(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v4i1.18831
References
Ajema, C., Muraya, K., Karuga, R., & Kiruki, M. (2016). Childhood experience of abuse in Kajiado County-Kenya. Kenya: LVTC Health.
Amir, M. T. (2015). Merancang kuesioner: Konsep dan panduan untuk penelitian sikap, kepribadian, dan perilaku. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.
Choo, W.-Y., Dunne, M. P., Marret, M. J., Fleming, M., & Wong, Y.-L. (2011). Victimization experiences of adolescents in Malaysia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(6), 627-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.020
Clark, R. E., Clark, J. F., & Adamec, C. A. (2007). The encyclopedia of child abuse (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Facts on File Library of Health and Living.
Clemens, E. V, Carey, J. C., & Harrington, K. M. (2010). The school counseling program implementation survey: Initial instrument development and exploratory factor analysis. Professional School Counseling, 14(2), 125-134.
Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. (2009). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to test and measurement. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Cohn, A., & Canter, A. (2003). Bullying: Facts for schools and parents. Retrieved from http://www.naspcenter.org/factsheets/bullying_fs.html
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2009). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., Maccallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
Hyman, I. A., & Perone, D. C. (1998). The other side of school violence: Educator policies and practices that may contribute to student misbehavior. Journal of School Psychology, 36(1), 7-27.
Idris, F. (2015, December 30). 2015, tahun buram kekerasan anak. Republika. Retrieved from https://www.republika.co.id/berita/koran/opini-koran/15/12/30/o05vk812-2015-tahun-buram-kekerasan-anak
Kartowagiran, B. (2008). Validasi dimensionalitas perangkat tes ujian akhir nasional SMP mata pelajaran matematika 2003-2006. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 12(2), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v12i2.1426
Kartowagiran, B., & Jaedun, A. (2016). Model asesmen autentik untuk menilai hasil belajar siswa sekolah menengah pertama (SMP): Implementasi asesmen autentik di SMP. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 20(2), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v20i2.10063
Kline, P. (2008). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
Law No. 35 of 2014 of Republic of Indonesia concerning Amendments to Law No. 3 of 2002 concerning Child Protection (2014).
McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Morrow, J. E. (1994). Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 544-560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.544
Muthmainnah, M. (2014). Membekali anak dengan keterampilan melindungi diri. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 3(1). Retrieved from https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/3053
Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA, 285(16), 2094-2100.
NSPCC. (2016). What children are telling us about bullying. Child Bullying Report 2015/2016.
Nurmin, N., & Kartowagiran, B. (2013). Evaluasi kemampuan guru dalam mengimplementasi pembelajaran tematik di SD kecamatan Salahutu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 1(2), 184-194. https://doi.org/10.21831/JPE.V1I2.2635
Parsian, N., & AM, T. D. (2009). Developing and validating a questionnaire to measure spirituality: A psychometric process. Global Journal of Health Science, 1(1), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v1n1p2
Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Qodar, N. (2015, March 15). Survei ICRW: 84% anak Indonesia alami kekerasan di sekolah. Liputan6.Com. Retrieved from https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2191106/survei-icrw-84-anak-indonesia-alami-kekerasan-di-sekolah
Rivers, I., & Smith, P. K. (1994). Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 20(5), 359-368.
Sadtyadi, H., & Kartowagiran, B. (2014). Pengembangan instrumen penilaian kinerja guru sekolah dasar berbasis tugas pokok dan fungsi. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 18(2), 290-304. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v18i2.2867
Setyawan, D. (2015, June 14). KPAI: Pelaku kekerasan terhadap anak tiap tahun meningkat. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI). Retrieved from http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kpai-pelaku-kekerasan-terhadap-anak-tiap-tahun-meningkat
Setyawan, D. (2017, November 23). Kekerasan anak di sekolah semakin memprihatinkan. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI). Retrieved from http://www.kpai.go.id/berita/kekerasan-anak-di-sekolah-semakin-memprihatinkan
Simpson, S. B. (2015). Bullying perceptions: Understanding students with and without disabilities. Retrieved from https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1974&context=etd
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251396017003001
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), 249-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00174-9
UNICEF. (2014a). Measuring violence against children: Inventory and assessment of quantitative studies. New York, NY: Division of Data, Research and Policy.
UNICEF. (2014b). Violence against children in East Asia and the Pacific: A regional review and synthesis of findings. Bangkok: UNICEF EAPRO.
United Nations Secretary-General's Study. (2006). Violence against children in schools and educational settings. Violence against children: United Nations Secretary-General's Study. Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/4. World Report on Violence against Children.pdf
Widdiharto, R., Kartowagiran, B., & Sugiman, S. (2017). A construct of the instrument for measuring junior high school mathematics teacher's self-efficacy. Research and Evaluation in Education, 3(1), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v3i1.13559
Wijanto, S. H. (2008). Structural equation modelling (SEM) dengan Lisrel 8.8. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.