•  
  •  
 

Keywords

PNF stretching; static stretching; flexibility; gender

Document Type

Article

Abstract

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is the latest method used in flexibility training. This study shows something different from other studies. The purpose of this study was whether there were differences in flexibility in male and female students as a result of the static stretching training method and the PNF stretching training method. The samples in this study were 80 male and female students, which were taken randomly from the male population of 56 people and the female population of 45 people, so that a total of 101 people. The results showed that the two methods showed a significant improvement. However, the PNF stretching training method was more effective than the static stretching training method in increasing flexibility. Both applied to male students and female students. Although the PNF stretching training method has been proven to increase flexibility in both males and females, students and physical education teachers need to pay attention to this training method and do it regularly and continuously by considering the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The suggestions for further research are to carry out further, complete research, which is related to this research, by taking into account the essential differences between males and females, such as physical and physiological growth and development.

Page Range

67-76

Issue

1

Volume

12

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.21831/jk.v12i1.72373

References

Abankina, T., Krasilova, A., & Iastrebov, G. (2012). The educational strategies of rural school students. Russian Education and Society, 54(10), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.2753/RES1060-9393541002

Alashram, A. R., Alghwiri, A. A., Padua, E., & Annino, G. (2021). Efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on spasticity in patients with stroke: a systematic review. Physical Therapy Reviews, 26(3), 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10833196.2021.1892281

Bangun, S. Y., Harahap, M. I., & Sihombing, R. S. D. (2023). Development of physical activity games in improving the physical motor ability of children aged 10-11 years at the elementary school level. Journal of Sport, 11(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v11i2.62106

Birinci, T., Razak Ozdincler, A., Altun, S., & Kural, C. (2019). A structured exercise program combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching or static stretching in posttraumatic stiffness of the elbow: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 33(2), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518802886

Blegur, J., Yustiana, Y. R., Taufik, A., Ilham, M., & Hardiansyah, S. (2023). Integrating analytical thinking skills into physical education to improve student learning outcomes. Journal of Sport, 11(2), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.21831/jk.v11i2.61176

Borges, M. O., Medeiros, D. M., & Minotto, B. B. (2017). Comparison between static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on hamstring flexibility: systematic review and meta- analysis. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 0(0), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/21679169.2017.1347708

Byun, S. Y., Irvin, M. J., & Meece, J. L. (2012). Predictors of bachelor's degree completion among rural students at four-year institutions. Review of Higher Education, 35(3), 463-484. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0023

Carvalho, F. T. De, Sepúlveda, L., Mesquita, D. A., Pereira, R., Neto, O. P., & Zangaro, R. A. (2017). Pilates and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Methods Induce Similar Strength Gains but Different Neuromuscular Adaptations in Elderly Women Pilates and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Methods Induce Similar Strength Gains but Di ff eren. Experimental Aging Research, 00(00), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2017.1369624

Cayco, C. S., Gorgon, E. J. R., & Lazaro, R. T. (2017). Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on balance, strength, and mobility of an older adult with chronic stroke: A case report. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 21(4), 767-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.10.008

Chaabène, H., Hachana, Y., Franchini, E., Mkaouer, B., & Chamari, K. (2012). Physical and physiological profile of elite karate athletes. Sports Medicine, 42(10), 829-843. https://doi.org/10.2165/11633050-000000000-00000

Choi, J., Lee, Y.-H., Lee, D. Y., Yu, J. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, S. G., & Hong, J. (2022). Immediate Effects of Foam Rolling and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility. The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 34(3), 116-120. https://doi.org/10.18857/jkpt.2022.34.3.116

Dantas, E., Daoud, R., Trott, A., Nodari, R., & Conceição, M. (2011). Flexibility: components, proprioceptive mechanisms and methods. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 3(2011), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10101-011-0009-2

Dohsten, J., Barker-Ruchti, N., & Lindgren, E. C. (2020). Caring as sustainable coaching in elite athletics: benefits and challenges. Sports Coaching Review, 9(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2018.1558896

Eggers, A. F., Groothuis, P. A., Redding, P., Rotthoff, K. W., & Solimini, M. (2020). Universities Behaving Badly: The Impact of Athletic Malfeasance on Student Quality and Enrollment. Journal of Sports Economics, 21(1), 87-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002519859416

Gao, Z., Song, Y., Yu, P., Zhang, Y., & Li, S. (2019). Acute effects of different stretching techniques on lower limb kinematics, kinetics and muscle activities during vertical jump. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 40, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.40.1

Gomez, J., Bradley, J., & Conway, P. (2018). The challenges of a high-performance student athlete. Irish Educational Studies, 37(3), 329-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1484299

Gontijo, L. B., Pereira, P. D., Neves, C. D. C., Santos, A. P., Machado, D. de C. D., & Bastos, V. H. do V. (2012). Evaluation of Strength and Irradiated Movement Pattern Resulting from Trunk Motions of the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2012, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/281937

Gunn, L. J., Stewart, J. C., Morgan, B., Metts, S. T., Magnuson, J. M., Iglowski, N. J., Fritz, S. L., & Arnot, C. (2019). Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy, 27(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2018.1475693

Han, L., & Wang, R. (2023). Impacts of Table Tennis on the Health of Young Students. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 29, 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202329012022_0526

Hemingway, K., Butt, J., Spray, C., Olusoga, P., & Beretta De Azevedo, L. (2023). Exploring student experiences of secondary school Physical Education in England. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2023.2256771

Hindle, K., Whitcomb, T., Briggs, W., & Hong, J. (2012). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): Its mechanisms and effects on range of motion and muscular function. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0011-y

Horicka, P., Hianik, J., & Šimonek, J. (2014). The relationship between speed factors and agility in sport games. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 9(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2014.91.06

Hwang, H. S. (2018). The effect of stretching type on hamstring flexibility. Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research, 9(2), 1461-1467. https://doi.org/10.20540/jiaptr.2018.9.2.1461

Kim, I. (2017). Teaching Badminton through Play Practice in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 88(8), 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2017.1356768

Koerner, S., & Staller, M. S. (2020). Coaching self-defense under COVID-19: challenges and solutions in the police and civilian domain. Security Journal, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00269-9

Lee, E. J., So, W. Y., Youn, H. S., & Kim, J. (2021). Effects of school-based physical activity programs on health-related physical fitness of korean adolescents: A preliminary study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062976

Loturco, I., Pereira, L. A., Reis, V. P., Bishop, C., Zanetti, V., Alcaraz, P. E., Freitas, T. T., & Mcguigan, M. R. (2020). Power training in elite young soccer players: Effects of using loads above or below the optimum power zone. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(11-12), 1416-1422. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1651614

McConnell, D. A., Chapman, L. A., Czajka, C. D., Jones, J. P., Ryker, K. D., & Wiggen, J. (2017). Instructional utility and learning efficacy of common active learning strategies. Journal of Geoscience Education, 65(4), 604-625. https://doi.org/10.5408/17-249.1

Miyamoto, N., Hirata, K., Miyamoto-Mikami, E., Yasuda, O., & Kanehisa, H. (2018). Associations of passive muscle stiffness, muscle stretch tolerance, and muscle slack angle with range of motion: Individual and sex differences. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26574-3

Nakamura, M., Sato, S., Kiyono, R., Yahata, K., Yoshida, R., Fukaya, T., & Konrad, A. (2021). Comparison of the acute effects of hold-relax and static stretching among older adults. Biology, 10(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10020126

Pamboris, G. M., Noorkoiv, M., Baltzopoulos, V., Gokalp, H., Marzilger, R., & Mohagheghi, A. A. (2018). Effects of an acute bout of dynamic stretching on biomechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle determined by shear wave elastography. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196724

Parker, R., Thomsen, B. S., & Berry, A. (2022). Learning Through Play at School - A Framework for Policy and Practice. Frontiers in Education, 7, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.751801

Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S. M. (2019). Mental Health in Elite Athletes: Increased Awareness Requires an Early Intervention Framework to Respond to Athlete Needs. Sports Medicine - Open, 5(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0220-1

Roure, C., Méard, J., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Flamme, X., Devillers, Y., & Dupont, J. P. (2019). The effects of video feedback on students' situational interest in gymnastics. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 28(5), 563-574. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2019.1682652

Roylance, D., George, J. D., Hammer, A. M., Rencher, N., Gellingham, G. W., Hager, R. L., & Myrer, W. J. (2013). Evaluating acute changes in joint range-of-motion using self-myofascial release, postural alignment exercises, and static stretches. International Journal of Exercise Science, 6(4), 310-319. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijes/vol6/iss4/6/

Sayaca, C., Serel-Arslan, S., Sayaca, N., Demir, N., Somay, G., Kaya, D., & Karaduman, A. (2020). Is the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique superior to Shaker exercises in swallowing rehabilitation? European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(2), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05772-3

Sebbens, J., Hassmén, P., Crisp, D., & Wensley, K. (2016). Mental Health In Sport (MHS): Improving the early intervention knowledge and confidence of elite sport staff. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(JUN), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00911

Silva, E. B. da, Pin, A. dos S., & Silva Filho, M. da. (2015). Changes in muscle strength in elderly women after proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation based training. Physioterapia Em Movimento, 28(2), 357-363. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-5150.028.002.ao16

Song, Y., Zhao, X., Finnie, K. P., & Shao, S. (2018). Biomechanical analysis of vertical jump performance in well-trained young group before and after passive static stretching of knee flexors muscles. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, 36, 24-33. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.36.24

Stevanovic, V. B., Jelic, M. B., Milanovic, S. D., Filipovic, S. R., Mikic, M. J., & Stojanovic, M. D. M. (2019). Sport-Specific Warm-Up Attenuates Static Stretching- Induced Negative Effects on Vertical Jump But Not Neuromuscular Excitability in Basketball Players. March, 282-289.

Tsolakis, C., Douvis, A., Tsigganos, G., Zacharogiannis, E., & Smirniotou, A. (2010). Acute Effects of Stretching on Flexibility, Power and Sport Specific Performance in Fencers. Journal of Human Kinetics, 26(December), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0054-x

Vergeer, I., & Roberts, J. (2006). Movement and stretching imagery during flexibility training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(2), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500131811

Wallmann, H. W. (2009). Stretching and Flexibility in the Aging Adult. Home Health Care Management & Practice, 21(5), 355-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1084822309334073

Wann, D. L., Brame, E., Clarkson, M., Brooks, D., & Waddill, P. J. (2008). College Student Attendance at Sporting Events and the Relationship between Sport Team Identification and Social Psychological Health. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 1(2), 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1123/jis.1.2.242

Wellard, I. (2006). Able bodies and sport participation: Social constructions of physical ability for gendered and sexually identified bodies. Sport, Education and Society, 11(2), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573320600640645

Wicke, J. (2014). A Comparison of Self-administered Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation to Static Stretching on Range of Motion and Flexibility. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(1), 168-172.

Share

COinS